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de semana, iremos al cine. SECOND CONDITIONAL Esta condicional se forma con would seguido de infinitivo en la oración principal y otro en pasado en la subordinada. If + past simple, ...would + infinitive. Esta estructura tiene dos usos: hablar de situaciones en el futuro que no es probable que ocurran. If I won the lottery, I would spend my life travelling - Si ganara la lotería, me pasaría la vida viajando. THIRD CONDITIONAL Este condicional se forma con un verbo en participio de pasado y precedido por would + have en la oración principal y otro en pasado perfecto en la subordinada. If + past perfect, ... would have + past participle. Se utiliza para hablar del pasado, describiendo una situación que no sucedió y de sus posibles consecuencias. Por ejemplo: If I had woken up earlier, I would have arrived on time - Si me hubiera levantado antes, habría llegado a tiempo. ORACIONES DESIDERATIVAS Las oraciones desiderativas expresan deseo y se pueden formar con el verbo WISH o con la expresión IF ONLY I wish + past simple Usamos este tipo de wish clause para... Hablar de cosas que no se han hecho realidad en el presente (y que nos gustaría que lo fueran): I wish I were on holiday right now -I'm so stressed! Hablar de cosas que podrían hacerse realidad en el futuro: I wish I could speak French properly. Hablar de cosas que desearíamos cambiar en el futuro, pero que no van a ocurrir: I wish I could come with you next week. I wish + past perfect Esta fórmula se usa únicamente para hablar del pasado y expresa arrepentimiento. Hay dos variantes: Hablar de cosas que hicimos en el pasado (y que ahora no nos parecen tan buena idea): I wish I hadn't gone to the beach instead of studying. Hablar de cosas que no hicimos en el pasado y desearíamos haber hecho: I wish I had studied harder for my Advanced exam. I wish would Por último, el tercer tipo de wish clauses expresa malestar o enfado ante una situación que deseamos que cambie en el futuro. La diferencia con el pasado simple es que en el primer caso el hablante está más bien triste o decepcionado, mientras que aquí se expresa irritación. I wish my mother wouldn't drive so slowly -it really gets on my nerves! I wish my students would behave better in class. I wish my neighbour would stop playing music because I can't hear myself think. VOZ PASIVA Verbal tense Tiempo verbal Present simple Present perfect Present continuous Past simple Present perfect continuous Past continuous Past perfect Future simple Future perfect EXAMPLES Passive voice Use Rule Note Active voice voz activa I build a house I have built a house I am building a house I built a house I have been building a house I was building a house I had built a house I will build a house I will have built a house It is used when we want to emphasise the action rather than the person who does it. Present Past Passive voice Voz pasiva A house is built by me A house has been built by me A house is being built by me A house was built by me A house has being built by me A house was being built by me A house had been built by me A house will be built by me A house will have been built by me . Subject + am/is/are + verb past participle Subject + was/were + verb past participle English is spoken all over the world. That bridge was built in 1890. The person who causes the action is called the agent and is introduced by the preposition by. We omit by agent: 1. When we don't know the agent. My mobile phone was found. (we do not know by whom) 2. When it is easy to understand who the agent is. BMW cars are made in Germany. (by factory workers) VOZ PASIVA My father The plants Sujeto Paciente Active Voice SUJETO Question Passive Voice VERBO waters are watered verbo "to be" en el tiempo verbal de la activa verbo "water" en participio pasado OBJETO DIRECTO the plants by my father Complemento agente Subject + Verb + Direct object Susan wrote a letter. (Susan escribío una carta.) Direct object + Question: What was written? (Pregunta: ¿Qué fue escrito?) Verb to be In Past The letter was written. (La carta fue escrita.) Principal Verb Past Participle + ORACIONES DE RELATIVO Dan información sobre una persona, animal, u objeto. Defining relative clauses Dan información esencial No llevan comas Ejemplo: My dog which was sick for 4 days is fine now. Mi perro que estuvo enfermo por 4 días ahora está bien. 1 Pueden ser omitidos sí se puede usar "that Non-defining relative clauses Dan información extra (no necesaria) Sí Llevan comas Ejemplo: My dog, which is 5 years old, is sick. Mi perro, que tiene 5 años, está enfermo. Ejemplo: My dog that was sick... Mi perro que estuvo enfermo.... Relative pronouns Who Which That (Entre otros) No pueden ser omitidos No se puede usar "that Ejemplo: My dog, that is 5.... Mi perro, que tiene 5... X PROBABILITY VOLITION PERMISSION ADVICE Suggestion/Recommendation OBLIGATION POSSIBILITY VERBOS MODALES PROHIBITION MUST/MIGHT/COULD/CAN/CANNOT/SHOULD/OUGHT TO You can't be serious! Even experts can make mistakes. The house should/ought to be visible from here. They must be in Spain now. She might come this evening. Could Jane be at work? WILL/SHALL/WOULD/SHOULD Will you have another cup of tea? Shall I go first? I would like to see you tomorrow. CAN/COULD/MAY/MIGHT You can borrow those books. Could we have some money? May I confirm a few details? I should enjoy seeing that film. SHALL/SHOULD/OUGHT TO/MIGHT The floor should be washed weekly. You ought to do as he says. You might try phoning again later. MAY/MIGHT You may be right. There might be some complaints. Might I ask if you are using a computer? OUGHT TO/MUST/HAVE TO We ought to go to bed. You must be back by 10 o'clock. You have to tell him everything. MUSTN'T/CAN'T You mustn't put those on there. You can't leave until I say so. Shall I give you a hand? MODALES PERFECTOS COULD HAVE+PARTICIPIO Indica que se pudo haber hecho algo en el pasado, pero que finalmente no se hizo. We could have gone to see that picturesque village. Now it's too late. CAN'T/ COULDN'T+PARTICIPIO Expresan la certeza de que algo no pudo haber ocurrido. He can't / couldn't have designed that skyscraper. He's not an architect. MAY / MIGHT HAVE + PARTICIPIO Se usan para hacer una suposición o especular sobre un hecho pasado. She may / might have turned down the invitation. MUST HAVE + PARTICIPIO Expresa la certeza de que ha ocurrido algo o una conclusión lógica de un hecho pasado. He must have felt exhausted after that long trek. SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE + PARTICIPIO Con ambos se puede tanto expresar una crítica sobre lo ocurrido como lamentar que no se haya cumplido lo esperado. We should / ought to have left earlier. There's a huge traffic jam now. SHOULDN'T HAVE + PARTICIPIO Expresa una opinión crítica o un lamento sobre un hecho pasado, indicando que no debería haber ocurrido. They shouldn't have littered the street. Now it's dirty. WOULD HAVE + PARTICIPIO Indica que se quiso haber hecho algo en el pasado, pero que no se pudo debido a circunstancias o factores externos. I would have met you yesterday, but I couldn't leave the house because of the storm. NEEDN'T HAVE + PARTICIPIO Indica que no había obligación o necesidad de hacer algo que se You needn't have bought me flowers! That's very kind of you. SHOULD/ HAD BETTER Como ya se ha visto, should se utiliza para decir lo que se cree que se debería hacer o dar un consejo o una opinión. Para expresar lo mismo, pero de forma muy coloquial, puede emplearse la estructura had better (o la contracción 'd better). AFIRMATIVA: sujeto + had better + forma base del verbo. Significa "es / será mejor que" + un verbo en presente de subjuntivo. We'd better rush if we don't want to miss the bus. (Es / Será mejor que nos demos prisa si no queremos perder el autobús.) NEGATIVA: sujeto + had better + not forma base del verbo. You'd better not take the car if it snows. (Es / Será mejor que no cojas el coche si nieva.) INTERROGATIVA: su uso no es frecuente. Por otra parte, tiene un uso distinto de should, ya que también se utiliza para expresar una advertencia, un aviso al oyente de que algo malo o desagradable le puede ocurrir si no hace lo que se le dice. Significa "será mejor que. " o "más vale que...". You'd better mind your step or you will fall. (Más vale que mires donde pisas o te caerás.) You'd better not play music so loud if you don't want the neighbours to complain. (Será mejor que no pongas la música tan alta si no quieres que los vecinos se quejen.) REPORTED SPEECH • PRESENT SIMPLE > PAST SIMPLE. • PAST SIMPLE > PAST PERFECT. • PRESENT PERFECT > PAST PERFECT. • PAST PERFECT > PAST PERFECT. • WILL (FUTURE) > WOULD. Paul always says: " those were the best years of my life" Paul always says those were the best years of his life. Paul said: "those were the best years of my life" Paul said those had been the best years of his life. • THIS AFTERNOON > THAT AFTERNOON. • TODAY> THAT DAY. • NOW > THEN. • A WEEK AGO > A WEEK BEFORE. • NEXT MONTH > THE FOLLOWING MONTH. • TOMORROW > THE FOLLOWING/NEXT DAY. • HERE > THERE. Definir en qué tiempo verbal está la oración introductoria Definir si se deben cambiar las expresiones de tiempo y lugar Andrew said: "it is all my fault"> Andrew said it was all his fault. Mary told me "you are my best friend" > Mary told me I was her best friend. Robert said: "the guests are about to arrive"> Robert said the guests were about to arrive.